Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Identify the organelle where photosynthesis takes place. (Image of a plant cellshown with letters A to H showing various organelles. A points to the mitochondria. B points to the Golgi apparatus. C points to the nucleus. D points to endoplasmic reticulum. E points to the chloroplast. F points to …Animal Cell Anatomy. The cell is the basic unit of life. All organisms are made up of cells (or in some cases, a single cell). Most cells are very small; in fact, most are invisible without using a microscope. Cells are covered by a cell membrane and come in many different shapes.Definition. Long fibers of proteins that encircle the cell just inside the cytoplasmic membrane and contribute to the shape of the cell. Location. Term. Pilus. Definition. Appendage used for drawing another bacterium close in order to transfer DNA. Location. Start studying Bacterial Cell Structure Labeling.Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like cell membrane, rough endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondrion and more.The modular structure of the fluorogenic TMP tag makes it easy to add multiple fluorophores with diverse characteristics and purposes. 55 In addition to labeling proteins, TMP that has been conjugated with the organic fluorophore ATTO655 possesses high photon flux as well as rapid photoswitching capability in living cells.Mar 16, 2021 · This online quiz is called Skeletal Muscle Labeling. It was created by member parappa and has 10 questions. ... Integumentary System, skin structure. Medicine ... Most Common Types of Animal Cells. 1) Skin Cells: Forms the external barrier of our body that provides protection. Skin cells are of two types -keratinocytes and melanocytes. 2) Muscle Cells: Present below the skin cell, they help in body movement. Muscle cells are of three types – skeletal muscle cells, cardiac muscle cells, and …As observed in the labeled animal cell diagram, the cell membrane forms the confining factor of the cell, that is it envelopes the cell constituents together and gives the cell its shape, form, and existence. Cell membrane is made up of lipids and proteins and forms a barrier between the extracellular liquid bathing all cells on the exterior ...Jul 13, 2023 ... A plant cell is a eukaryotic cell that has various structures and organelles. ... Biology: Cell Structure I Nucleus Medical Media. Nucleus Medical ...Plant cells have several characteristics which distinguish them from animal cells. Here is a brief look at some of the structures that make up a plant cell, particularly those that... Telophase. Definition. The fourth and last stage of mitosis. During this stage the chromosomes gather at opposite ends of the cell and lose their distinct rod-like shapes. Two new nuclear membranes then form around each of the two regions of DNA and the spindle fibers disappear. Location. Term. Cytokinesis. Definition. Label the parts of the human cell. Label the parts of the human cell. Open menu. PurposeGames. Hit me! Language en. Login | Register. Start. Games. Create. Categories. Playlists. ... Cell Structure — Quiz Information. This is an online quiz called Cell Structure. You can use it as Cell Structure practice, ...What is a Cell Membrane. The cell membrane, also called the plasma membrane, is a thin layer that surrounds the cytoplasm of all prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, including plant and animal cells. It is a selectively permeable cell organelle,allowing certain substances inside the cell while preventing others to pass through and thus is ...Cell anatomy vector illustration. Labeled educational structure diagram. Isolated microscopic biological scheme with cytoplasm, mitochondria, ribosome and ...Label the Parts of an Animal Cell. Printable Label and Color the Parts Animal Cell – This animal cell handout is perfect for students studying the different parts of the cell including the SER (Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum), Golgi Bodies, and more.. Label the Animal Cell Worksheets – Grab these set of cell diagrams for students to …Chemistry Games. Periodic Table of the Elements, with Symbols. Periodic Table of the Elements. Periodic Table of the Elements, Period 1-3. Periodic Table of the Elements, Period 1-4. Periodic Table of the Elements, Period 4-5. Periodic Table of the Elements, Period 6-7. Periodic Table of the Elements, Other Nonmetals.Label the Parts of an Animal Cell. Printable Label and Color the Parts Animal Cell – This animal cell handout is perfect for students studying the different parts of the cell including the SER (Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum), Golgi Bodies, and more.. Label the Animal Cell Worksheets – Grab these set of cell diagrams for students to …This online quiz is called Skeletal Muscle Labeling. It was created by member parappa and has 10 questions. ... Integumentary System, skin structure. Medicine ... Cell labeling. Cells of Zajdela's ascite hepatoma were obtained 7 days after transplantation of 0.25 ml of tumor-cell suspension into the rat. In order to isolate cell-surface glycoproteins, the cells were labeled at galactosyl residues according to the modified method of Gahmberg and Hakomori (4). Proteolytic enzyme treatments of the cells. a jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are allowed to move around freely. Cell wall. strong wall outside a plant cell's cell membrane that protects the cell and maintains its shape; also present in some bacteria. Organelle. a tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell.The format is Google Slides, where the cell images were placed as slide backgrounds, that way only the words can be manipulated by the user. The first set gives students word boxes to drag and drop into the correct location. Boxes have labels for the various organelles, like mitochondria, ribosomes, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, …How to Play. Need to review the basic controls? Learn how to play here! Play. Already know how to play and ready to get started? Let’s begin! Ask A Biologist. Want to learn more about science and biology? Visit Ask A Biologist!Figure 10.1.5 10.1. 5: A micrograph of a cell nucleus. The nucleolus (A) is a condensed region within the nucleus (B) where ribosomes are synthesized. The nucleus is surrounded by the nuclear envelope (C). Just oustide the nucleus, the rough endoplasmic reticulum (D) is composed of many layers of folded membrane.Label A. Cell wall. cytoplasm. nucleus. cell membrane. 2. Multiple Choice. 5 minutes. 1 pt. Name structure #5. rough ER. nucleus. vesicle. cytoplasm. 3. Multiple Choice. 5 …Jun 6, 2023 · June 6, 2023 by Anupama Sapkota. Edited By: Sagar Aryal. Cell organelles are specialized entities present inside a particular type of cell that performs a specific function. There are various cell organelles, out of which, some are common in most types of cells like cell membranes, nucleus, and cytoplasm. Are you learning about animal cells in 5th grade science or biology? If so, you may need to memorize the animal cell, its organelles, and their functions.These chemical labeling techniques have recently been used to overcome major challenges in cell biology. For example, a pulse-chase approach developed by Roger Tsien and colleagues was used to ...Eukaryotic cells, in particular, form the foundation for many organisms, including humans, plants, and animals. So, what better way to comprehend the intricate details of a eukaryotic cell than by indulging in interactive labelling? With a cell diagram to label, children can discover the fascinating components of a cell in a fun, engaging manner.Cell. A membrane bound structure that is the basic unit of life. Cell Membrane. The lipid bilayer that forms the outer boundary of the cell. Cell Theory. This says that 1. all living things are made of cells, 2. cells are the basic unit of structure and function and 3. cells only come from other cells. Cell wall.This online quiz is called Label the Model Human Cell . It was created by member Mr. Shumaker and has 12 questions.Test your knowledge about the universe with our quizzes and games! Expand your. laptops & phones. Learn about the different organelles in animal, bacteria, and plant cells! Colorful animations make these flash games as fun as it is educational.Oct 19, 2020 · Animal Cell Structure. Animal cells have a variety of different organelles that work together to allow the cell to perform its functions. Each cell can be thought of as a large factory with many departments, like manufacturing, packaging, shipping, and accounting. Different organelles represent each of these departments. Cell Parts and Functions. All cells contain specialized, subcellular structures that are adapted to keep the cell alive. Some of these structures release energy, while others produce proteins, transport substances, and control cellular activities. Collectively, these structures are called organelles. Plant and animal cells both contain ...This EDITABLE 4 page worksheet asks students to review basic concepts in prokaryotic, animal & plant cell structure and function, organelles, and features of cell membranes. It includes labeling models, multiple choice, matching, and fill-in-the-blank. This can be used as in-class practice, homework or an exam review.This online quiz is called Labeling the Plant Cell. It was created by member Sarita Crandall and has 10 questions. ... Structure of DNA. Science. English. Creator ...In Anatomy & Physiology, A & P, you will have to know how to label the cell structure and remember each of the cells function. In this study guide, I give you the highlights of the organelles functions and some tips on how to remember them. When you are done with reading the study guide, be sure to the cell structure quiz.Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like cell membrane, rough endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondrion and more.The labeling proceeds via three steps. First, the ligand (red) binds to the target protein (protein of interest, POI); second, the label (orange) is covalently attached to the protein by the ...May 9, 2023 ... Get animal cell facts, including a labeled cell ... Animal Cell Structure: Organelles and Their Functions ... cell shape, and enables cell movement ... Cell Labeling quiz for 5th grade students. Find other quizzes for Biology and more on Quizizz for free! ... Structure A in the diagram is the _____ vacuole. nucleus ... Apr 16, 2019 · Cell Anatomy. The world around you is full of life. You may mainly notice the plants and animals you see, but there are also fungi and bacteria and other single-celled organisms all around you. Some of these living things are very different from one another, but they are all made of cells. Animals, plants, and fungi all have eukaryotic cells. Test your knowledge about the universe with our quizzes and games! Expand your. laptops & phones. Learn about the different organelles in animal, bacteria, and plant cells! Colorful animations make these flash games as fun as it is educational.This online quiz is called Structure of the Generalized Cell. It was created by member KamillaMonteiro and has 18 questions. ... Label the Eye. Science. English ...Labels are an ideal way to help you keep track of anything from file folders to recipes. They can also save your hands by automating the task of writing your name and address on en...The plasma (cell) membrane separates the inner environment of a cell from the extracellular fluid. It is composed of a fluid phospholipid bilayer (two layers of phospholipids) as shown in figure 4.1.2 4.1. 2 below, and other molecules. Not many substances can cross the phospholipid bilayer, so it serves to separate the inside of the cell from ... Learn about the structure and function of cells, the basic units of life, with Khan Academy 's engaging and interactive lessons. Explore how organelles, membranes, and transport systems work together to make cells efficient and diverse. This unit will prepare you for the AP®︎/College Biology exam and beyond. POWERHOUSE OF THE CELL (sac thingy that powers the cell) centrioles. (motor looking things next to the mitochondria) involved in the development of spindle fibers in cell division. phospholipid bilayer. on the outside of the cell membrane. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like flagellum, nucleus, nuclear envelope and ...bean shaped organelle that uses oxygen to break down food and release energy; known as the powerhouse of the cell. 11. nucleus. control center of the cell, has coded activities for all of the cell's activities. 12. nuclear membrane. surrounds the nucleus and regulates the passage of materials in and out of the cell; like a doorman. 13. organelles.After clicking "Copy Activity", update the instructions on the Edit Tab of the assignment.) Create a cell diagram with each part of plant and animal cells labeled. Include descriptions of what each organelle does. Click "Start Assignment". Using arrows and Textables, label parts of a cell and describe each part's function. Cell structure labels are a powerful method for identifying and locating specific cell structures, proteins, and targets of interest within the cell. Our cellular labels include specific dyes or antibodies for live-cell or fixed-cell imaging, as well as for flow cytometry. Label the Plant Cell: Level 1. Students demonstrate their knowledge of the structure of plant cells in this middle grades life science worksheet! In Label the Plant Cell: Level 1, students will use a word bank to label the parts of a cell in a plant cell diagram. To take the learning one step further, have students assign a color to each of the ...To take the learning one step further, have students assign a color to each of the organelles and then color in the diagram. For a broader focus, use this worksheet in conjunction with the Label the Plant Cell: Level 1 worksheet. For a deeper dive into animal cell structure, students can complete the Label the Animal Cell: Level 2 worksheet.High school biology > Cells > Basic cell structures review. Google Classroom. Key terms. Common cell organelles. Cell movement structures. Image modified from OpenStax …It controls what comes in and out of the cell. Color the membrane light brown. The membrane can have structures on its surface that help the cell move, or move particles within the body. This cell has structures called cilia which can serve to sweep particles past the cells. Color the cilia yellow.Figure 22.9 Prokaryotes fall into three basic categories based on their shape, visualized here using scanning electron microscopy: (a) cocci, or spherical (a pair is shown); (b) bacilli, or rod-shaped; and (c) spirilli, or spiral-shaped. (credit a: modification of work by Janice Haney Carr, Dr. Richard Facklam, CDC; credit c: modification of work by Dr. David Cox; … What’s found inside a cell. An organelle (think of it as a cell’s internal organ) is a membrane bound structure found within a cell. Just like cells have membranes to hold everything in, these mini-organs are also bound in a double layer of phospholipids to insulate their little compartments within the larger cells. In 1935, Hugh Davson and James Danielli proposed the plasma membrane’s structure. This was the first model that others in the scientific community widely accepted. It was based on the plasma membrane’s “railroad track” appearance in early electron micrographs. Davson and Danielli theorized that the plasma membrane’s structure ...Learn the similarities and differences in the anatomy of animal, plant, fungal, and bacterial cell types by exploring our Cell Viewer . To learn more about cells and cell parts, visit Building Blocks of Life for more of the story. Click to play.It requires minimal supplies - just a pen or pencil - making it a prep-free and easy-to-use resource for teachers. Dive in and let your students learn about the fascinating world of cells with our Labeling a Cell activity. They will have fun while learning about the intricate structures that make up an animal cell.Jun 6, 2023 · June 6, 2023 by Anupama Sapkota. Edited By: Sagar Aryal. Cell organelles are specialized entities present inside a particular type of cell that performs a specific function. There are various cell organelles, out of which, some are common in most types of cells like cell membranes, nucleus, and cytoplasm. 2,919 results for 'cell structure'. Cell structure Labelled diagram. by Jacqueline55. Cell Structure and Function Match up. by Omedrano. 6th Grade 7th Grade Science. Cell Theory and Cell Structure and Function Match up. by Brittney7. Sentence Order Unjumble. Muscle Structure Labeling — Quiz Information. This is an online quiz called Muscle Structure Labeling. You can use it as Muscle Structure Labeling practice, completely free to play.Integrated Mitotic Stem Cell. └ Z-stack viewer. └ 3D viewer. Desktop tools. Allen Cell & Structure Segmenter. AGAVE 3D pathtrace image viewer. Data & code. Download Cell Data: Images, Genomics, & Features. Code repositories & software.June 6, 2023 by Anupama Sapkota. Edited By: Sagar Aryal. Cell organelles are specialized entities present inside a particular type of cell that performs a specific function. There are various cell organelles, out of which, some …Identifying eukaryotic cell structures. Dr. Evil administers a toxin that disrupts ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis in the cell above. Which labeled structure would be most negatively impacted by this toxin?Apr 13, 2022 ... Then you'll label the features of a typical prokaryote (bacterial cell) ... GCSE Biology Drawing and Labelling Cells ... Heart Structure -A-level ...This type of cell may only be a micrometer in the blanks, possesses pili, and go through life without a nuclear. This structure provides support in plant cells and acts as the cellular boundary in plant and bacterial cells. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like nucleolus, cytosol, cell membrane and more.The cell membrane is a thin layer made up of proteins, lipids, and fats. It forms a protective wall around the organelles contained within the cell. It is selectively permeable and thus, regulates the transportation of materials needed for the survival of the organelles of the cell. Function: Protects the cell from its surroundings.Cell anatomy vector illustration. Labeled educational structure diagram. Isolated microscopic biological scheme with cytoplasm, mitochondria, ribosome and ...Label the parts of the human cell. Label the parts of the human cell. Open menu. PurposeGames. Hit me! Language en. Login | Register. Start. Games. Create. Categories. Playlists. ... Cell Structure — Quiz Information. This is an online quiz called Cell Structure. You can use it as Cell Structure practice, ...Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like cell membrane, rough endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondrion and more.Definition. Animal cells are the basic unit of life in organisms of the kingdom Animalia. They are eukaryotic cells, meaning that they have a true nucleus and specialized structures called organelles that carry out different functions. Animal cells do not have plant-specific organelles like cell walls, which support the plant cell, or ...Brain mapping attempts to provide a complete picture of the brain's structure. Learn how brain mapping works and why it's such a scientific breakthrough. Advertisement The human br...Understanding the structure of complex brain networks and neuronal functions is one of the main goals of modern neuroscience. Since the seminal invention of Golgi staining, single-cell labeling methods have been among the most potent approaches for dissecting neuronal structures and neural circuits.POWERHOUSE OF THE CELL (sac thingy that powers the cell) centrioles. (motor looking things next to the mitochondria) involved in the development of spindle fibers in cell division. phospholipid bilayer. on the outside of the cell membrane. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like flagellum, nucleus, nuclear envelope and ...By structure, it is a porous membrane (with pores) which permits the movement of selective substances in and out of the cell. Besides this, the cell membrane also protects the cellular component from damage and leakage. It forms the wall-like structure between two cells as well as between the cell and its surroundings.Aug 28, 2023 · The modular structure of the fluorogenic TMP tag makes it easy to add multiple fluorophores with diverse characteristics and purposes. 55 In addition to labeling proteins, TMP that has been conjugated with the organic fluorophore ATTO655 possesses high photon flux as well as rapid photoswitching capability in living cells. Feb 22, 2022 ... Comments16 ; THE CELL MEMBRANE | Easy to understand structure. Miss Angler · 6.4K views ; Animal Tissues. Miss Angler · 139K views ; 1.2 Skill: ...Get animal cell facts, including a labeled cell diagram, a list of organelles and their functions, and a summary of animal cell types.The primary function of the cell wall is to protect and provide structural support to the cell. The plant cell wall is also involved in protecting the cell against mechanical stress and providing form and structure to the cell. It also filters the molecules passing in and out of it. The formation of the cell wall is guided by microtubules.1. Description of Cell Structure and Function. Cells are fundamental to the study of biology. Every living thing is composed of cells, they are the building blocks of life. All cells share similar characteristics and can be defined by the cell theory. Cell Theory. 1. All living things are composed of cells. 2.This review will highlight how advances in mass spectrometry, chemical labeling, and informatics capabilities are merging to provide structural insights on proteins, complexes, and networks that exist inside cells. Because of the molecular detection specificity provided by mass spectrometry and proteomics, these approaches provide systems-level ...For this exercise we’ll start with an image of a cell diagram ready labeled. Study this and make sure that you’re clear about which structure is found where. Cell …cell wall. Definition. A rigid outer layer that surrounds plant cells, supports and protects the cell. Location. Term. large central vacuoles. Definition. the source of water for the cell. Location.Mar 21, 2024 ... ... play this video. Learn more · Open App. Structure of Animal Cell With Labeling. No views · 2 minutes ago ...more. FBISE Academy - 9th & 10th.For this exercise we’ll start with an image of a cell diagram ready labeled. Study this and make sure that you’re clear about which structure is found where. Cell diagram unlabeled. It’s time to label the cell yourself! As you fill in the cell structure worksheet, remember the functions of each part of the cell that you learned in the video. Identifying cell structures. Google Classroom. Which structure is represented by letter B? Choose 1 answer: Cell membrane. A. Cell membrane. Cell wall. B. Cell wall. Ribosome. C. Ribosome. Cytoplasm. D. Cytoplasm. Learn for free about math, art, computer programming, economics, physics, chemistry, biology, medicine, finance, history, and more. This online quiz is called Labeling the Animal Cell. It was created by member Sarita Crandall and has 9 questions.Figure 22.9 Prokaryotes fall into three basic categories based on their shape, visualized here using scanning electron microscopy: (a) cocci, or spherical (a pair is shown); (b) bacilli, or rod-shaped; and (c) spirilli, or spiral-shaped. (credit a: modification of work by Janice Haney Carr, Dr. Richard Facklam, CDC; credit c: modification of work by Dr. David Cox; …Plant cells have several characteristics which distinguish them from animal cells. Here is a brief look at some of the structures that make up a plant cell, particularly those that...Identifying eukaryotic cell structures. Dr. Evil administers a toxin that disrupts ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis in the cell above. Which labeled structure would be most negatively impacted by this toxin?
Chromosome Structure Labeling Last updated; Save as PDF Page ID 27809; This page is a draft and is under active development. ... Cell Membrane. DNA Nucleus . . Truckville
3. DNA, the heredity information of cells, which can be found in a nucleus of eukaryotic cells and the a nucleoid region of prokaryotic cell. 4. ribosomes, or protein-synthesizing structures composed of ribosomes and proteins. These structures can be found on the image of the plant cell (Figure 3.1.2.1 3.1.2. 1 ).Learn the similarities and differences in the anatomy of animal, plant, fungal, and bacterial cell types by exploring our Cell Viewer . To learn more about cells and cell parts, visit Building Blocks of Life for …Plant Cell Labeling Worksheet. This is a free labeling worksheet for the different parts of the animal cell. Children can use the above chart to study. Plant Cell Notebooking Page. Keeping a science notebook or journal is …Most Common Types of Animal Cells. 1) Skin Cells: Forms the external barrier of our body that provides protection. Skin cells are of two types -keratinocytes and melanocytes. 2) Muscle Cells: Present below the skin cell, they help in body movement. Muscle cells are of three types – skeletal muscle cells, cardiac muscle cells, and …In 1935, Hugh Davson and James Danielli proposed the plasma membrane’s structure. This was the first model that others in the scientific community widely accepted. It was based on the plasma membrane’s …FEMUR:Medial condyle. FEMUR: Lateral Condyle. Medial epicondyle. Lateral epicondyle. TIBIA: Tibial tuberosity. Medial Malleolus. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like parietal bone of skull, Frontal bone, Occipital bone and more.As observed in the labeled animal cell diagram, the cell membrane forms the confining factor of the cell, that is it envelopes the cell constituents together and gives the cell its shape, form, and existence. Cell membrane is made up of lipids and proteins and forms a barrier between the extracellular liquid bathing all cells on the exterior ...This morning, a Lifehacker intern complained that the new Gmail made it too hard to see labels. Then a Lifehacker editor pitched in that the new Gmail makes it too hard to create f...Figure 10.1.5 10.1. 5: A micrograph of a cell nucleus. The nucleolus (A) is a condensed region within the nucleus (B) where ribosomes are synthesized. The nucleus is surrounded by the nuclear envelope (C). Just oustide the nucleus, the rough endoplasmic reticulum (D) is composed of many layers of folded membrane. Identifying cell structures. Google Classroom. Which structure is represented by letter B? Choose 1 answer: Cell membrane. A. Cell membrane. Cell wall. B. Cell wall. Ribosome. C. Ribosome. Cytoplasm. D. Cytoplasm. Learn for free about math, art, computer programming, economics, physics, chemistry, biology, medicine, finance, history, and more. 4.1: Cell Structure and Function. Page ID. Learning ObjectiveS. Define a cell, identify the main common components of human cells, and differentiate between …For the pictures below, identify each lettered part (and be able to describe the function (s) of each part. Answers are at the end. Answers for Model 1: A. Ribosomes. B. Chromatin (it’s the maroon-colored thread-like structures) C. Nucleolus. D. Cytoplasm.Cell Structure and Function Quiz Identify the following : Label 1 is . Label 2 is . Label 3 is . Label 4 is . Label 5 is Label 6 is . Label ...Oct 5, 2023 ... A plant cell is a fundamental unit of plant structure and function. Here are some key features and components of a typical plant cell: 1.Aug 11, 2015 ... Why are human egg cells so large relative to other cells? I read/remember hearing that the nucleus takes up ~10% of the cell volume at most. Is ...For the pictures below, identify each lettered part (and be able to describe the function (s) of each part. Answers are at the end. Answers for Model 1: A. Ribosomes. B. Chromatin (it’s the maroon-colored thread-like structures) C. Nucleolus. D. Cytoplasm.What is a Cell Membrane. The cell membrane, also called the plasma membrane, is a thin layer that surrounds the cytoplasm of all prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, including plant and animal cells. It is a selectively permeable cell organelle,allowing certain substances inside the cell while preventing others to pass through and thus is ... The outermost part of the cell, which is shown as an outline of the cell, is labeled cell membrane. On the right is a four-sided figure with rounded corners that represents a plant cell. The cell contains many cell parts with different shapes. This Anatomy & Physiology (A&P) quiz is designed to test your knowledge of the basic cell structure and function. You will be asked questions that pertain to the mitochondria, nucleolus, nuclear membrane, ribosomes, lysosome, and much more. This practice test for the cell function and structure for Anatomy & Physiology, is designed to help you ...This online quiz is called Label the Model Human Cell . It was created by member Mr. Shumaker and has 12 questions..