As of 2014, Suriname is the smallest country in South America. Suriname is located in northern South America, between French Guiana and Guyana. Suriname comprises an area over 63,0...Explore South America with Trip.com's comprehensive travel guide. Discover the city's top attractions, best local dishes, essential travel tips, ...2. Colombia, one of the best South American countries to visit for art and culture. Colombia is a gorgeous country with a wealth of South American attractions.A good place to start is the capital of Bogotá, one of the largest cities in the world.To make sure you don’t miss anything, take this highlights tour.. Outside of Bogotá, the Salt Cathedral of Zipaquirá is …Best Things to See & Do in South America · Exploring cities like Rio de Janerio, Cusco, Buenos Aires, Sao Paulo and Cartagena · Trekking the Inca Trail to Machu&n...South America Travel Centre is a trading name of Tailor-Made Journeys Pty Ltd, a member of the Australian Travel Industry Association (ATIA) and a certified member of ATAS (ATIA Travel Accreditation Scheme). The company has been in operation since 1995 and is 100% Australian owned. ... Argentina to Chile Lake Crossing. 9 Days / 8 Nights From 2283. Fully Customizable & Combinable. Bariloche. Panoramic view of the Lanin Volcano and Lacar Lake. Puerto Montt, capital of the Chilean Lake District. The Osorno Volcano. View tour. Argentina Tours. Buenos Aires. Argentina, South America. Buenos Aires combines faded colonial architecture with Latin passion, dynamite dining and a robust nightlife. Sexy and alive, this beautiful city gets under your skin.Here is a full breakdown of this 3-month South America itinerary that covers Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Chile and Argentina: Week 1 – Ecuador – Quito and Cotopaxi Secret Garden. Week 2 – Ecuador – Quilotoa and Baños. Week 3 – Ecuador – Guayaquil and Galapagos Islands. Week 4 – Peru – Lima, Paracas and Huacachina.1. Uruguay. Global Peace Index ranking: 50/163. Global Peace Index score: 1.798. The safest country in South America is Uruguay! Holding the accolade for another year running, Uruguay is also the second-safest country in Latin America as a whole, with only Costa Rica claiming a higher spot on the GPI.South America holidays · Call of the wild: eco adventures in Argentina's Iberá wetlands. A conservation, ecotourism and rewilding project in north-east ...In this post, we cover the best programs to use to fly to South America as well as the best way to earn miles in each program for your next redemption. We may be compensated when y...If you want to travel in South America on a budget and have Amazonian jungles, Andean mountains, and the Pacific coastline within (relatively) short distance of each other, then Ecuador is a perfect choice. Activities are reasonably priced in Ecuador. For example, a round trip on the stunning Devil’s Nose train will cost $40 (€37). SouthAmerica.travel Inc. Tollfree (888) 900-5969 / 1 (646) 789-5200. 9620 NE Tanasbourne Dr Ste 300 1040, Hillsboro OR 97124. Mon-Fri 9am – 5pm Pacific. São Paulo skyline. Bogotá — a city of contrasts with a hectic balance between the new and the old; the most cultural-minded of South American capitals. Buenos Aires — the city of tango and most cosmopolitan in Argentina. Caracas — full of theaters, malls, museums, art galleries, parks and well-conserved colonial architecture. Last updated: June 30, 2023. Destinations, Central America Travel, South America Travel. The safest countries in Latin America are Costa Rica and Uruguay. This is according to the Global Peace Index. It compares three factors, which are explained in this post. Other safe countries include Chile, Argentina, and Panama. South America offers some of the best small ship cruise opportunities in the world. From the sandy beaches and animal-filled of the Galapagos Islands, to a remote Amazon River cruise, to fjords and glaciers around Patagonia, and to jumping off the continent and cruising to Antarctica. From $3540. Safety in South America. Traveling in South America is generally safe but some cities are considered safer than others for visitors. It's a good idea to check with your embassy in that country to be aware of any areas you should avoid. Keep in mind that many places that once had a bad reputation, like Colombia, are working …Jun 26, 2019 · Lake Titicaca, Bolivia. Juergen Ritterbach / Getty Images. South America's largest lake is home to several indigenous communities that make the area both agriculturally strong, and full of cultural significance. Copacabana is largest and most well-known town on the shoreline. South America Private Tours. If group touring isn't your thing, then our selection of private trips in Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, Argentina, Chile, Brazil and elsewhere are a great option. Enjoy all the perks of a group tour, including guided sightseeing, transportation and accommodation, but travel with just your friends or family.A primer on top destinations for a memorable holiday in South America, from Peru and Bolivia to Brazil and Colombia. Learn about the natural and cultural highlights, the best time to go, and the …South America ... A holiday to South America offers a diverse patchwork of landscapes, encompassing some of the world's most staggering natural attractions; Angel ...South America is a great travel destination all year round. The best time to visit South America depends on the seasonal climate of the country you’re visiting, the activities …Riverboat cruises bring you memorable floating vacations all across the United States and Europe. Take a leisurely cruise through the beautiful and historical Cumberland and Tennes...If you want to travel in South America on a budget and have Amazonian jungles, Andean mountains, and the Pacific coastline within (relatively) short distance of each other, then Ecuador is a perfect choice. Activities are reasonably priced in Ecuador. For example, a round trip on the stunning Devil’s Nose train will cost $40 (€37).Indie Travel Podcast - 219 - South America in four months. 1.1K plays. 1.1K. Indie Travel Podcast - 154 - South America overview - Peru and Bolivia. 758 plays. 758. Indie Travel Podcast - 155 - South America Overview - Chile Uruguay and Argentina. 840 plays. 840.Ok so let’s get onto the good bit… What should be on your South America Bucket list?! Let’s get planning your South America Itinerary! The Great Big South …guita – money. mina – young woman, girl (comes from the italian femmina) mango – an Argentine peso. bien jugoso – rare. jugoso – medium-rare. a punto – medium. bien cocida – well done. The official language in Argentina is Spanish, although many people in the travel and tourism industry speak English.1. Uruguay. Global Peace Index ranking: 50/163. Global Peace Index score: 1.798. The safest country in South America is Uruguay! Holding the accolade for another year running, Uruguay is also the second-safest country in Latin America as a whole, with only Costa Rica claiming a higher spot on the GPI.Workaway's many hosts offer volunteers free accommodation and meals in exchange for a few hours of work a day, normally five days a week. This is the perfect ...South America is surrounded by the Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea. South America is the fourth-largest continent on the planet. The population of South America is ...Riverboat cruises bring you memorable floating vacations all across the United States and Europe. Take a leisurely cruise through the beautiful and historical Cumberland and Tennes...French Guiana. South America. French Guiana is a remote region of France covered in thick jungle and wilderness, although you'll also find colonial architecture, eerie prison-camp history and some of the world's most diverse plant and animal life here. It's a strange mix of French law and rainforest humidity where only a few destinations along ...Search for your perfect South America tour. Our award winning, fully inclusive, escorted South America tours visit all the main sights and more! Free Single Supplements on Spring Japan 2024 tours. Save up to £1,790pp per person including Cherry Blossom Season! Find out more.10-Day South America Itinerary – Argentina & Brazil. If you’re looking for an itinerary for South America and have a bit more than just one week, you have many great options. You could take the above one-week South America itinerary and expand it by flying to the Amazon from Lake Titicaca. Or you could choose a different country. South America Travel Info. South America is well connected to the rest of the world. From North America and Europe the choice of routes is huge with direct flights to most countries. From New Zealand and Australia there are flights to Chile and Argentina (Latam, Qantas and Air New Zealand). From Africa, there are flights to Brazil and Argentina ... Argentina travel facts. Size: Argentina is the world’s eighth-largest country by area. Population: With a population of around 45 million Argentina is one of the least densely populated countries on the planet. Origins: Some 97 percent of Argentines are of European origin, largely of Spanish or Italian descent. Exports: Best known for its beef, …Top 10 South America Travel Destinations. By. Ayngelina Brogan. Ayngelina Brogan. Ayngelina is an award-winning Canadian travel and food writer who travels frequently in Latin America TripSavvy's editorial guidelines. Updated on 06/26/19. South America tourism is heating up. Travelers are flocking towards …Mar 8, 2024 · Compared to that required to travel North America, Western Europe, the Middle East, and many parts of Africa, the $40 to $60 per day budget of South American countries (varying by country) is one of the main reasons I recommend South America, as well as Southeast Asia as the perfect first time backpacking destinations. South America Group Tours. From the southern tip of Chile to the northern jungles of Colombia, our South America tours take in the best of this diverse continent. Our Signature Peru & Bolivia trips stay in well-located 4-star hotels, are fully escorted, and have a maximum group size of just 16. And our Handpicked trips to other countries on the ...South America is surrounded by the Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea. South America is the fourth-largest continent on the planet. The population of South America is ...The Amazon Rainforest experiences rain showers year-round, it almost never stops. It is the only way the mighty jungle can keep its abundance of exceptional nature alive. The climate of the Amazon remains tropical and hot throughout all 365 days of the year. The average annual temperature is around 80 degrees Fahrenheit but can vary between months.South America, fourth largest of the world’s continents.It is the southern portion of the landmass generally referred to as the New World, the Western Hemisphere, or simply the Americas.The continent is compact and roughly triangular in shape, being broad in the north and tapering to a point—Cape Horn, …The uppermost portion of South America lies at a latitude of 14.6048° S and a longitude of 59.0625° W, and it is bordered by the Pacific Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, the Caribbean Se...BEST THINGS TO DO, TRAVEL GUIDES & TIPS, HOW TO TRAVEL ON BUDGET. We created in-depth travel guides for your next South America trip based on our personal experience, including inspiring itineraries, best activities, top things to do, exciting adventures, awesome hikes, must-visit attractions, tips on where to stay, safety advice …South America on a SHOESTRING BUDGET. -Traveling on a very tight budget we spent $3881 in 275 days (over 8 months) so an average budget of $14.11 each per day. We camped a lot, hiked many of the most popular trails on the continent independent and did a lot of hitchhiking.Discover the best of South America with expert advice, seamless logistics and 24/7 local support. Peru, Brazil, Colombia, Galapagos and more! ... Rickshaw is an independent travel company based in Brighton, UK. For over 15 years, we’ve been creating eye-opening journeys with a positive local impact and a true sense of place, using our own ...With over 45 years of experience designing unique holidays to Latin America, we have the exceptional expertise and firsthand knowledge to create tailor-made tours that are perfectly suited to your needs and budget. Our owner and director, Ted Dziadkiewicz, first explored South America as an overland driver in the 1970s. Chilean Fjords: An unforgettable full day cruise will bring you to visit the stunning Serrano and Balmaceda glaciers. As the cruise passes through the Seno Ultima Esperanza, or “Channel of Last Hope,” you’ll see the untouched beauty of Bernardo O’Higgins National Park, Chile’s biggest natural reserve. Our top 5 things to do in South America. We’ll show you where to travel in South America, from the ancient Incan citadel of Machu Picchu to the beautiful glacial wilderness of …Level 3: Reconsider Travel: January 23, 2024: Jordan Travel Advisory: Level 2: Exercise Increased Caution: July 13, 2023: Kenya Travel Advisory : Level 2: Exercise Increased Caution: July 31, 2023: North Korea (Democratic People's Republic of Korea) Travel Advisory: Level 4: Do Not Travel: July 24, 2023: South Korea Travel Advisory: …Perito Moreno Glacier, the third biggest freshwater reserve on the planet, covering an area of 250 km2. It’s one of the biggest Glacier that you can visit by booking a tour from the quaint little town of El …A primer on top destinations for a memorable holiday in South America, from Peru and Bolivia to Brazil and Colombia. Learn about the natural and cultural highlights, the best time to go, and the …Highlights · Spend three days in Rio de Janeiro · Visit the gorgeous colonial town of Paraty · Set foot in Sao Paulo, the largest city in the Southern ...On top of the essential items listed above, here is an additional suggested checklist of what to pack for a South America trip: Quite possibly the best adventure in Colombia…. A few pairs of comfortable pants/jeans. 1-2 pairs of shorts (summer/late spring) A few pairs of socks. (Sexy) underwear x 2/3.If you want to travel in South America on a budget and have Amazonian jungles, Andean mountains, and the Pacific coastline within (relatively) short distance of each other, then Ecuador is a perfect choice. Activities are reasonably priced in Ecuador. For example, a round trip on the stunning Devil’s Nose train will cost $40 (€37).South America holidays · Call of the wild: eco adventures in Argentina's Iberá wetlands. A conservation, ecotourism and rewilding project in north-east ...Nov 10, 2011 · 2. Patagonia Cruise. Patagonia is a vast region of South America, shared with Chile and Argentina. Nicknamed the “End of the World,” the area is a breath-taking array of diverse landscapes, pristine lakes, and unique rock formations. While the area is popular with hiking, another sought-after method of exploring Patagonia is by cruise. São Paulo skyline. Bogotá — a city of contrasts with a hectic balance between the new and the old; the most cultural-minded of South American capitals. Buenos Aires — the city of tango and most cosmopolitan in Argentina. Caracas — full of theaters, malls, museums, art galleries, parks and well-conserved colonial architecture. Feb 24, 2024 · South America Tours & Vacations. Colorful, candid and everything in-between. South America beats to the rhythm of an infectious, eternal drum. It is the sequined heat of Carnival and a cool breeze blowing across the Andes, a fiery Argentine tango and the soft silence of an Ecuadorian cloud forest. You taste it in the crackle of slow-cooked ... South America Travel Guide. Download our FREE South America Travel Guide and get inspired to travel to South America. Browse through 30 pages of travel planning tips and ideas – a great resource for planning your dream South America vacation. The uppermost portion of South America lies at a latitude of 14.6048° S and a longitude of 59.0625° W, and it is bordered by the Pacific Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, the Caribbean Se...Pop., 2008 est.: 378,448,500. Four main ethnic groups have populated South America: Indians, who were the continent’s pre-Columbian inhabitants; Spanish and Portuguese who dominated the continent from the 16th to the early 19th century; Africans imported as slaves; and the postindependence immigrants from overseas, mostly Germans and southern ...The very 1st thing we want you to know is how absurd this South America travel guide is. South America is a whole world, a continent of more than 428,819,652 people living in 13 countries; meaning there are as many differences from one country to another as between, say, The Blair Witch Project and The Little Mermaid.Argentina travel facts. Size: Argentina is the world’s eighth-largest country by area. Population: With a population of around 45 million Argentina is one of the least densely populated countries on the planet. Origins: Some 97 percent of Argentines are of European origin, largely of Spanish or Italian descent. Exports: Best known for its beef, …Best Things to See & Do in South America · Exploring cities like Rio de Janerio, Cusco, Buenos Aires, Sao Paulo and Cartagena · Trekking the Inca Trail to Machu&n...This vaccine consists of 1 dose which must be given at least 10 days prior to travelling. As well as the injections mentioned above, you will also need to make sure that your routine vaccinations are up to date. That includes Mumps, Measles, Rubella, Polio, Diphtheria, Tetanus and Whooping Cough.World Wonders of South America. Summary. 11 Days / 10 Nights . The Iguazu Falls, located on the border of southern Brazil and northern Argentina, and the ruins of Machu Picchu, nestled in the cloud forest of Peru, have been difficult to combine into a quick South American tour — until now.Without doubt the best travel guide for South America with over 30 books in the region, many of which are recently updated, including probably the best overview of the continent in The South American Handbook, which is updated annually (making it far superior to the Lonely Planet’s South America on a Shoestring). These guide books are …Feb 14, 2024 · South America Tours & Vacations. Colourful, candid and everything in-between. South America beats to the rhythm of an infectious, eternal drum. It’s the sequined heat of Carnival and a cool breeze blowing across the Andes, a fiery Argentine tango and the soft silence of an Ecuadorian cloud forest. You taste it in the crackle of slow-cooked ... South America Tour Packages. South America Travel Info. The two main languages in South America are Spanish and Portuguese. Spanish is the main language in all countries except Brazil which speaks Portuguese and in the Guianas. There are also a number of indigenous languages spoken, such as Aymara and …72 posts. 117 reviews. 305 helpful votes. Air travel strikes? Easter 2024. Mar 18, 2024, 1:37 PM. Save. I have an Aerolineas flight from Buenos Aires AEP to Iguazu IGR …Browse All Our Cruises - Galapagos, Antarctica and Amazonas · Plancius · World Explorer · M/V Santa Cruz II · M/Y Coral I and Coral II · M/C Alya...View All 358 Tours. Discover the icons of South America including UNESCO's Machu Picchu set high in the Andes Mountains and the volcanic archipelago of the Galápagos, to the jungles of the Amazon and the grasslands, deserts and glacial fjords of Patagonia in Chile on one of 358 guided and self-guided adventures through this unique and diverse ...Discover South America’s less-traveled paths on one of our Top 5 Paraguay Tours. This small, yet fascinating country is incredibly welcoming and beautiful. Our Paraguay Travel Experts have curated itineraries that feature the country’s most popular highlights, such as Asuncion, Chaco, and the Jesuit Missions. …With the leading LGBTQ+ travel platform in the US, they have a thriving community of over 650,000+ followers. The dynamic duo craft unique storytelling content that resonates with …Riverboat cruises bring you memorable floating vacations all across the United States and Europe. Take a leisurely cruise through the beautiful and historical Cumberland and Tennes...Last updated on October 5, 2023. South America is a continent of superlatives: the highest, the driest, the largest, the deepest, the rarest …. Well, you get the picture. Superlatives …South America Travel Stories. Travel Stories. From getting active in Montenegro to wandering Santa Fe's enchanted environs, here are the best places to visit in October. From lazing on beaches in Turkey to sipping Guinness in Dublin or traveling through Mongolia, here are the best places to visit in September. August is prime time for an …Whether you’re a seasoned cruiser or just getting started, this Holland America cruise guide has everything you need to plan your dream voyage aboard one of Holland America’s accla...The Real Latin America. Our insider knowledge helps you go beyond the guidebooks. We hand-pick hotels with character and the most rewarding excursions. Let us show you the Latin America we know and love. Tailor made holidays, private journeys, small group tours to Central and South America, with the UK's award-winning No.1 specialist to Latin ...Aug 23, 2023 · South America is a magnificently varied part of the world and tremendously hospitable, South America offers many different alternative travel experiences and destinations. Most any adventurous activity can be enjoyed here in stunning and unique places. Countries. Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador French Guiana Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Uruguay Venezuela. How to travel to South America, including the best places to visit like Torres Del Paine National Park in Chile and Iguazu Falls in Argentina. South America Tours & Holidays. Colourful, candid and everything in-between. South America beats to the rhythm of an infectious, eternal drum. It’s the sequined heat of Carnival and a cool breeze blowing across the Andes, a fiery Argentine tango and the soft silence of an Ecuadorian cloud forest. You taste it in …South America is home to a diverse range of wildlife, including some of the world’s most fascinating and unique cat species. From the elusive margay to the adorable kodkod, small S...After learning the statistics of global safety indexes, peace ratings, and governmental travel advisories, we’ve prepared the rank of the safest countries for traveling in South America. 13. Venezuela. Venezuela is known as one of the most beautiful countries on the continent. Also, it has a really warm climate.WHY TRAVEL WITH CHIMU ADVENTURES. We offer flexible travel options in Latin America for the discerning traveller and their travel party. We have refined, simplified, and perfected our itineraries over two decades to give you the ultimate experience in each location. We know each Latin American country by heart and will work with you to ...17. El Calafate, Argentina. El Calafate is home to one of the largest glaciers in South America. Perito Moreno Glacier, the sole reason why El Calafate has become such a popular place to visit, is a glacier that stretches across 5 km and extends as far as the eye can see, and it is called Perito Moreno.North America Travel Guide The Intel Tips and tricks from our travel experts along with the latest news from airlines, hotels, loyalty programs, and more, delivered to …
The correct electrical outlet for Brazil is 127 volts AC or 220 volts AC at 50 Hertz. Even though American plugs and outlets are very common in Brazil, we still recommend you know what charger to bring. If you are traveling to Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paolo, Belo Horizonte, Iguassu Falls, Salvador, or on an Amazon …. House smells musty but no mold
South America Deluxe Tour. Summary. 26 Days / 25 Nights . This deluxe tour is perfect for a honeymoon or those who want to see the highlights of South America in style. On this deluxe tour, you will visit the most famous sights! Start in Lima, the historical capital of Peru. Take a scenic train ride to Machu Picchu and tour the mysterious Inca ...Here are our Top 10 South America Travel Tips for a first-time traveler. 1. Plan, Plan, Plan. South America is a beautiful continent, home to some of the world’s most spectacular landmarks. Not only can you find 2 New Seven Wonders of the World (Christ the Redeemer Statue and Machu Picchu ), but it …South America Tours & Vacations. Colorful, candid and everything in-between. South America beats to the rhythm of an infectious, eternal drum. It is the …Embark on the Vacation of Your Dreams. LANDED is more than just a travel company. We specialize in crafting personalized luxury vacations throughout Central America, South America, and the Antarctic. Our team is dedicated to curating and orchestrating trips that are truly exceptional, ensuring every detail is thoughtfully …Oct 19, 2023 · South America is a continent of extremes. It is home to the world's largest river (the Amazon) as well as the world's driest place (the Atacama Desert). South America, the fourth-largest continent, extends from the Gulf of Darién in the northwest to the archipelago of Tierra del Fuego in the south. South America’s physical geography ... In total, you will be paying around 2090 USD for activities from the ones listed above, as well as a flight to see the Nazca Line, climb an active volcano in Pucon, the Lost City Trek, a train trip to Machu Picchu, and more. Total Budget for 6 months in South America: $9,602 USD or around $50 USD per day. Feb 14, 2024 · South America Tours & Vacations. Colourful, candid and everything in-between. South America beats to the rhythm of an infectious, eternal drum. It’s the sequined heat of Carnival and a cool breeze blowing across the Andes, a fiery Argentine tango and the soft silence of an Ecuadorian cloud forest. You taste it in the crackle of slow-cooked ... Everything You Need to Know Before Traveling to South America · ENGLISH IS NOT WIDELY SPOKEN · USE SUNSCREEN ALL THE TIME · WEATHER CHANGES A LOT · PACK...After learning the statistics of global safety indexes, peace ratings, and governmental travel advisories, we’ve prepared the rank of the safest countries for traveling in South America. 13. Venezuela. Venezuela is known as one of the most beautiful countries on the continent. Also, it has a really warm climate.Bolivia is one of the cheapest countries in South America to travel costing roughly $25 to $35 per day (sometimes cheaper) for budget travelers and backpackers that don’t mind shared accommodation and avoid eating out too much. For less frugal travelers,, a budget of $50 to $65 a day for the basics, plus excursions will suffice. ...Aug 23, 2023 · South America is a magnificently varied part of the world and tremendously hospitable, South America offers many different alternative travel experiences and destinations. Most any adventurous activity can be enjoyed here in stunning and unique places. Visiting South America in February. Fine, summer weather continues across much of the continent. It’s a good time to visit The Falklands with long days and wildlife rearing young, or to take a trip to the Galapagos where land and sea temperatures are warming, land birds begin unusual courtship rituals, sea turtles are nesting …Discover South America’s less-traveled paths on one of our Top 5 Paraguay Tours. This small, yet fascinating country is incredibly welcoming and beautiful. Our Paraguay Travel Experts have curated itineraries that feature the country’s most popular highlights, such as Asuncion, Chaco, and the Jesuit Missions. …Embark on the Vacation of Your Dreams. LANDED is more than just a travel company. We specialize in crafting personalized luxury vacations throughout Central America, South America, and the Antarctic. Our team is dedicated to curating and orchestrating trips that are truly exceptional, ensuring every detail is thoughtfully …Best Things to Do in Patagonia: Los Glaciares National Park Tours. 1. Hike in Los Glaciares National Park. A tour of Argentine Patagonia really wouldn’t be the same without visiting Los Glaciares National Park. Los Glaciares National Park is one of Argentina’s largest national parks and boasts a variety of wildlife. South America. Personal stories, travel hacks, and travel tips for the top destinations in South America. Check them out to get the most out of your trip! 5 articles. World Wonders of South America. Summary. 11 Days / 10 Nights . The Iguazu Falls, located on the border of southern Brazil and northern Argentina, and the ruins of Machu Picchu, nestled in the cloud forest of Peru, have been difficult to combine into a quick South American tour — until now.My Recommendation. “In general, the best time to visit South America is in October and November as the springtime weather conditions make it comfortable in the cities, beaches, and mountains and nature’s beauty is on full display. Flowers are blooming, wildlife is much more active, and seasonal crowds and travel costs are ….